Understanding What It Means To Have A Blocked Womb: How To Treat Uterine scarring

In handling infertility issues, one recent challenge we have had to contend with from couples who visit us in the office is the issue of a blocked womb. I don’t mean a blocked Fallopian tube.

Understanding What It Means To Have A Blocked Womb

 So, can a womb truly be blocked?

What are the causes of womb block?

The womb/uterus is seldom blocked; the womb often refers to the uterus. Blockage can occur when there has been excessive scarring.

What is Uterine Scarring? 

Intrauterine adhesions, also known as synechiae or scar tissue, are bands of fibrous scar tissue that form within the uterus. Scar tissue affects the functional lining of the uterus and can be a reason for infertility.

Your uterus has three layers: an outer layer (serosa), a middle muscular layer (myometrium), and an inner layer (endometrium). The inner layer contains the lining that sheds once a month with a woman’s menses. It is also the place where an embryo implants and grows into a pregnancy.

Uterine scarring is caused by trauma to the lining with a procedure and/or inflammation. Rates of scarring are highest when there is a uterine procedure done in the setting of infection. 

Potential causes for Uterine scarring include:

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Surgical:

• Dilation and curettage for prior abortion, miscarriage, retained placenta after delivery, abnormal uterine bleeding

• Cesarean section

• Myomectomy

Inflammation/infection:

• Endometritis – infection of the uterine cavity.

• Other infections (Chlamydia, Tuberculosis, Schistosomiasis)

Symptoms Of Uterine Scarring:

Uterine scarring that causes symptoms is called Asherman Syndrome. Symptoms might include a lighter period, “hypomenorrhea” or no period, “amenorrhea”. Scar tissue can cause cyclic pelvic pain from menstrual blood getting trapped in the uterus. It can also cause recurrent pregnancy loss or an inability to conceive.

How does uterine scarring cause infertility?

Uterine scarring decreases the ability to get pregnant because it decreases the blood supply to the endometrial lining. It may also cause the cavity to be completely scarred. A healthy endometrium is important for an embryo to implant. Scar tissue can also be a physical barrier for sperm to enter the upper uterus to fertilize an ovulated egg.

Workup:

Uterine scarring can be seen on imaging such as hysterosalpingogram which is an X-ray of the pelvis, pelvic ultrasound, and saline sonogram which is an ultrasound with sterile water. It is best assessed with hysteroscopy, which is a surgical procedure where a camera is used to look inside the uterus.

Treatment of uterine scarring:

The treatment for uterine scarring is the removal of scar tissue at the time of hysteroscopy. After the procedure, a balloon catheter is typically placed inside the uterus for a short time and estrogen therapy is given to decrease scar reformation. Recurrence rates can be up to 33% in mild to moderate adhesion and 66% in severe adhesion. This procedure should be performed by an experienced surgeon or fertility specialist. Successful treatment can lead to pregnancy, with previously reported rates of 40-80% and live birth rates of 30-70%.

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Alternative Treatment of uterine scarring

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